Observation Log 2 Language Development Education Essay Free Essays

The accompanying hypothesis I considered as I would see it is the etymological correspondence formative hypothesis and the speculations are those by Chomsky, Piaget and Vygotsky. I accept semantic correspondence is an of import parcel in human advancement since it a significant mode of cultural cooperation. Orchestrating to Beckett and Taylor ( ) , the jargon of children between the ages of 3 to 6 extends from 2 word sentence to progressively complex sentences. We will compose a custom article test on Perception Log 2 Language Development Education Essay or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now They accept that as the children ‘s jargon expansion, they gain proficiency with the guidelines of syntax and they become ready to use various signifiers of words. While I was recognizing Eva, I saw that the vast majority of the clasp she reacted with non verbal imparting and it made me increasingly intrigued on how etymological correspondence creates. Chomsky ( 1957 ) accepted that sentences are routinely made for all intents and purposes each clasp. He accepted that we have interior guidelines that empower us to make up one’s brain which sentences are syntactic address and pass on our expected significances. Chomsky accepted that children have unconditioned capacities, a familial arrangement to larn semantic correspondence and one time they start to hear etymological correspondence around them, they consequently comprehend the development of that phonetic correspondence. He contended this is a result of the organic demeanors, encephalon improvement and psychological readiness. His hypothesis accentuates the interest for phonetic correspondence in the earth to energize kids ‘s intrinsic capacities. ( Crain 2005 ) Vygotsky recognized four distinct periods of address improvement which are the unrefined, naif mental stage from 2 to 4 mature ages. The child in this stage is get bringing down to pick up that words are images for objects. They have an incredible miracle with respect to what articles are called. Followed by the self absorbed or private location stage from 4 to 7 mature ages. Youngsters as often as possible talk so anyone might hear to themselves as they perform endeavors or work out occupations in this period of advancement. This private location is the child ‘s introduction of their idea. What's more, in end the in developing or inside discourse stage from 8 mature ages on. During this stage the children ‘s private location reductions and turns out to be significantly more disguised. They understand employments in their caputs or using inside location, in any case you will hear individuals using private location when confronted with unordinary or complex occupations ( N ixon and Aldwinckle, 2003 ) . proceeds until kids arrive at young. Piaget and Chomsky both concurred that children are non formed by the outside condition yet precipitously make mental developments. Chomsky accepted that kids naturally make linguistic signifiers blending to the familial structure and interestingly, Piaget underlined on hereditarily controlled turn of events and accepted that subjective developments rise up out of the child ‘s ain endeavor to cover with and do feeling of the universe. Chomsky other than accepted that semantic correspondence is an amazingly particular mental module that creates pixie freely from different signifiers of information and children get familiar with a many-sided linguistic framework about completely on their ain. Be that as it may, Piaget saw semantic correspondence as more firmly identified with general subjective turn of events. Piaget other than recommended that between the ages of 2 and 6, slight Orchestrating to Piaget ‘s hypothesis, kids are brought into the world with essential activity conspire and during the tactile engine time frame ( birth to 2 mature ages ) they utilize these activity plan to retain data about the universe. He depicted two maps of children ‘s semantic correspondence, in this manner the braggart and the mingled. During the tactile engine time frame, kids ‘s etymological correspondence is proud and they talk either for themselves or for the pleasance of tie ining any individual who happens to be at that place with the action of the moment. Piaget proposed that during the preoperational stage this period ( 2 and 7 mature ages ) , kids ‘s etymological correspondence makes quick headway. The advancement of their psychological plan lets them quickly suit new words and condition of affairss and they start to construct straightforward sentences. ( Appendix aë†â ¦ . ) Piaget ‘s hypothesis portrays kids ‘s phonetic correspondence as representative, leting them to wander past what he named as at this very moment and get down to talk roughly things as the days gone by, the great beyond, individuals, sentiments and occasions. During this clasp, kids ‘s phonetic correspondence every now and again shows instances of what Piaget named animism and pride. Animism alludes to juvenile children ‘s tendency to see everything, including lifeless things, to be alive. Since they see things carefully from their ain position, kids ‘s semantic correspondence other than mirrors their pride, whereby they quality wonders with indistinguishable sentiments and purposes from their ain. Piaget ‘s hypothesis other than depicts moral sober mindedness as an element of children ‘s phonetic correspondence advancement at this stage, since juvenile children will in general focus on the degree of any damage brought about by an individual ‘s moves, without taking into history whether that individual had positive or negative purposes. Language advancement exchanges with how a child builds up his/her phonetic correspondence achievements during their developing period. Language advancement has been an issue bantered among phonetic correspondence specialists over a significant stretch of clasp. Specialists have contradicting positions on how a child gets/learns etymological correspondence. There are four boss speculations of etymological correspondence improvement and they all have various thoughts on the procurement of semantic correspondence. Behaviorists ( Skinner ) accept that phonetic correspondence is found out. Nativists ( Chomsky ) accept that phonetic correspondence is unconditioned and alone to universes. Psychological theoreticians ( Piaget ) accept phonetic correspondence is non unconditioned however a product of subjective turn of events. At long last, cultural interactionists ( Vygotsky ) accept that phonetic correspondence procurement is a result of both organic and ecological variables. These speculat ions have their ain way of understanding semantic correspondence advancement, and somewhat, they all appear to be amazingly changing over. In any case, out of the four hypotheses, the cultural interactionist position supplications to me the most ; so my hypothesis of phonetic correspondence improvement is firmly the cultural interactionist position. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotski believed semantic correspondence to be cardinal to advancement. Despite the fact that Piaget recognized phonetic correspondence with improvement with footings, for example, ‘egocentric address ‘ , he did non trust it winning, expressing it was because of the child ‘s failure to accept from another position. Vygotski by the by, thought standing up uproarious gives the child a way to shape their thoughts and steer their activities. Examination has appeared, children who use ‘egocentric ‘ or ‘private address ‘ show more noteworthy improvement on work excursion endeavo rs than other people who do non use or less private location. Tests into this subject, has other than demonstrated that Vygotski ‘s slant on kids ‘s address is a vastly improved portrayal than Jean piagets Piaget and Vygotsky are in understanding that children are dynamic researchers. They add to their ain turn of events. This implies kids manufacture methods of groking the universe, ( comprehension and dread ) , through their exercises. They vary in the assault that children take to arranging these. Piaget regions that it happens mostly through physical utilization of articles around them. Vygotsky, that it is socially interceded. Orchestrating to Crain ( ) , between the ages of 2 and 3, kids start to do sentences of at least three words and somewhere in the range of 3 and 6 mature ages their language structure gets unpredictable. They begin to use Where, What, Why, for delineation, â€Å" What is that? † ( Appendix aë†â ¦ . ) Step by step instructions to refer to Observation Log 2 Language Development Education Essay, Essay models

International English Essay Example for Free

Global English Essay Presentation English is named as the general language (Crystal 2003). In practically all locales of the world, English is either their official or second language. A large portion of the nations in the Western, especially North America, are utilizing the English language (Burchfield 2003). Also, some European nations, similar to the United Kingdom, and Asian nations, similar to Singapore, India, Pakistan and the Philippines, are more disposed to utilize the English language than their local dialects (Cheshire 2007). The facts confirm that the English language is being utilized by various nations on the planet. Some have additionally various methods of utilizing it by having a particular style and structure of talking and composing the English language. By the by, it is likewise said that there is a shared opinion in which the English language is being communicated and utilized (Burchfield 2003). Having a similar jargon articulations, which means and faculties, and ideas and settings, the English language is comprehended if not all around at any rate globally (Graddol 1996). Genuinely, the English language has an exceptionally fundamental influence in the worldwide scene. For an assorted and various character of the world, it needs a general or basic medium that would fill in as the channel for correspondence among various nations internationally (Crystal 2003). It is to be noticed that each nation has its own official or local language. What's more, this language might be seen distinctly by its homeland. For this situation, such nation would truly need to utilize a second language that different nations and the universal network comprehend all together for such nation to approach of correspondence toward them (Cheshire 2007). This paper would talk about the job of the English language in various nations and in the universal network. Further, this paper would attempt to explain on the various methodologies that various nations have in utilizing the English language. History of the English Language The English language is initially the language of the Anglo-Frisian human advancements. Around the fifth century A. D. , individuals from the northwest of Germany involved the Eastern England. The Old English language turned into a blend of the language expressed by the uprooted early stage individuals and the language which was spread by the attacker or the decision class (Burnley 2000) Some state that it is either the dislodged individuals or the assailant that adjust to the sort of English language that was being utilized by the hero locales at that point. Others state that the now known, Old English language was the consequence of coalescent of the dialects utilized by the dislodged individuals and by the attacker (Burchfield 2003). In any case, the Old English language was viewed as a fake arrangement closer to that of the Proto-Indo-European (Graddol 1996). It was just that, it embraced the West Saxon scribal rules (Fennell 2001). Because of this impact of the West Saxon scribal rules or shows, the Old English language was said to lose its unmistakable thing case framework. The utilization of relational words and consistent word-request were the central instruments used to transmit meaning. Such structure is showed in the Middle English period (Cheshire 2007). In 1066, The Norman Conquest of England overwhelmingly impacted the advancement of the English language (Burnley 2000). There are enormous quantities of Norman terms and articulations that got remembered for the Old English explicitly those in the legitimate and authoritative classifications. In the end, the Old English language was likewise affected by the Greek and Latin terms (Fennell 2001). This flagged the ascent of the Middle English. The fifth century, in any case, denoted the new move of the English language from Middle English to Early Modern English. The advancement was described as the Great Vowel Shift which implies that the change was roused by the change on the utilizations and jobs of vowel (Burchfield 2003). The Community of the English Language truly the English language can't be claimed by one country. It is for the explanation that English language isn't generally claimed by a solitary nation or area. Besides, the English language is built and used by various nations everywhere throughout the world as per their way of life and convention. This involves the English language might be utilized diversely by various countries. However the English language, as referenced prior, has particular basic highlights that are general to every single English-client. The sentence structure, ideas and implications, and style and phonology may fluctuate as per the set up standard for English language among various nations (Cheshire 2007). The United States of America has the biggest populace of English-speakers. Joined Kingdom, Canada and Australia positioned second, third and fourth separately. Despite the fact that U. S. what's more, U. K. have the most elevated number of populace that communicates in the English language, the English language was not considered as their official language. Likewise South Africa is additionally a known district of English-talking individuals. Singapore positioned first in Asia having an extraordinary number of populaces which communicates in the English language (Kachru 1992). In spite of the fact that the English language just positioned third in the classification of the significant language by local speakers (Mandarin Chinese and Spanish put first and second separately), it is the most usually utilized language on the planet. India positioned in the classification of nation which utilizes the English language as the subsequent language (Kachru 1992). What's more, since English is broadly utilized and spoken by numerous nations on the planet, it is named as the worldwide language or widespread language of the cutting edge time frame (Crystal 2003). In spite of the fact that it isn't generally being utilized as an official language by different nations, all things considered, it is instructed as the subsequent language. As indicated by certain etymologists, the English language that is being utilized by various individuals everywhere throughout the world doesn't generally have a uniform character (Cheshire 2007). On the other hand, it is the exceptionally one that retains the way of life of specific nations that utilize it as a mechanism of language. In the global network or in the worldwide scene, the English language is being utilized to report universal announcements. It is likewise the official language utilized in airborne and sea correspondences. In addition, it is utilized as one of the official dialects of the United Nations, European Union, and most of the universal athletic associations (Crystal 2003). Such significance of the English language is additionally showed in the printings and distributions of books, papers and magazines in which the English language is utilized (Crystal 2003). It was additionally announced that most articles created and distributed were written in English though just 50% of them originated from nations which official language is English. In spite of the fact that there are districts and parts of the world which are not so much capable communicating in the English language, it is evidently that by one way or another they know and see some of it (Crane 2004). This is the explanation for the possibility that at any rate the English language is the most normally utilized language on the planet †that regardless of whether you go to an outside land, you can get by with respect to correspondence by utilizing the English language (Cheshire 2007).

Employees Who Stay in Companies Longer Than Two Years Get Paid 50% Less

Employees Who Stay in Companies Longer Than Two Years Get Paid 50% Less For the longest time in the history of work, loyalty and dedication to a particular employer has been heralded as the hallmark of the ideal employee beyond just being good at their job.It is thus not surprising that the question of how long one should stay with one company before beginning to seek new opportunities keeps arising.The question is even more important now with growing uncertainties in the global labor market where one could find themselves unexpectedly becoming unemployed after spending in the upwards of ten years at the same company and have to grapple with the vagaries of job-seeking after a layoff.How long is too long to stay in one job? If you hate your current job and you cannot wait to move on, for how long should you stick around?While there is no simple answer to these and related questions, it is apparent that job seekers are increasingly getting worried about the impact the time they spent on their previous jobs could have on their chances of getting hired.Back in the day, you could have expected to stick with one employer for decades and retire with a comfortable pension, 401K or a golden watch, an option that is not any longer available for most of us.But staying for a very short time at a company could have you labelled a job hopper which raises a serious red flag to hiring managers.It can portray a prospective hire as somebody who cannot hold down a job, one who is unable to get along with workmates and lacking in commitment.On the other hand, in today’s environment, staying too long does not necessary gift you the loyalty dividends that employers would be typically looking for. It could signal that you are unmotivated, too comfortable with familiarity and unable to adapt.JOB HOPPING IS LOSING ITS BAD RAPThe good news as indicated by a 2011 PWC report, is that this long-held stigma against shorter stints is becoming antiquated fast as millennials continue to rise in the workplace.They bring with them expectations of continuous learn ing, development and steady advancement in their careers.The graphic below by the Bureau of Labor Statistics also shows that the number of jobs people hold within the course of their career has been steadily increasing. If you have been browsing through LinkedIn lately, you might have noticed that it is now a norm to switch a job every few years.In fact, an employment survey conducted by California-based global temp staffing firm Accountemps in 2015 affirms the projection that the future of work will be more characterized by career nomadism.Accountemps found that 57 percent of millennial workers (aged between 18 and 35) view changing jobs often as being beneficial to their careers.Even the older workers surveyed by Accountemps are no longer clinging to the dated belief of long-term company loyalty as much as would have been expected.Although they are not as enthusiastic in embracing job-leapfrogging, a significant 38 percent of workers aged between 36 and 54 consider the idea of changing jobs frequently to be beneficial.A more recent survey by staffing firm Robert Half puts the number of overall workers favoring job-hopping at 64 percent in 2018, up by 22 percent from a similar survey in 2014.They f ound a staggering 75 percent of employees under 35 felt job-hopping would be of great benefit to their careers.If the latest report on employee tenure released by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2018 is anything to go by, it is possible to put a number to how long you should stay at a single job.The report indicates that wage and salary workers today change jobs every 4.2 years on average.The report further elucidates the incidence of job hopping as represented by the median tenure of millennial workers standing at 2.8 years as compared to 55-64 age cohorts whose median tenure at one company is 10.1 years.Career experts observe that changing employers or jobs sooner than later is not essentially a bad thing.It can be in fact a very good move for your paycheck, given studies that have proven that those who stick with the same employer for several years tend to have lower pay growth than the rest who don’t.ARGUMENTS FOR JOB SWITCHING A 2014 Forbes report says that st aying with the same employer for over two years on average will make you earn less over your lifetime by about 50 percent or more. Forbes says this estimate is in fact conservative.Financial services provider, Nomura, in a recent analysis confirms what has probably been on your mind every time you have considered switching jobs.That changing employers will almost always give you a bigger pay hike compared to staying with your current employer and betting on the periodic salary reviews or a promotion, if they indeed do come.Recent ‘Wage Tracker’ data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and human resource firm ADP’s ‘Workforce Vitality Report’, Nomura found that growth in wage was significantly lower for ‘stayers’ as compared to ‘switchers’.Job switchers earned about 1 percent more year-over-year than stayers, a minimal difference from the surface if only one year is considered, but could accumulate to hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost wages when your ent ire career is factored.The longer you work at the same company, the bigger the difference will be over your lifetime.According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average raise an employee can expect in 2019 is about 3 percent with top performers expecting about 4 percent and the most underperforming employee could expect a 1.3 percent raise.With a Consumer Price Index inflation rate of about 2 percent, the actual raise you’d get if it is granted would be just about 1 percent.When compared to the average raise for an employee taking a new job at a new company the case for switching jobs becomes clearer when earnings are the most important factor.You would expect a pay bump of between 10 and 20 percent if you switch jobs. The figures are could be even higher depending on circumstances and industry.According to the Nomura report, switchers will likely have a stronger bargaining power and better salary increases when there are more opportunities in the market or when they find a higher-paid role better matching their talents.Sticking With One Company Without Advancing Could Cost YouWe change jobs for better opportunities; a better title, a better salary, more benefits, more meaningful or challenging work or even better work-life balance.It is possible to get this with your current employer through the company’s promotion program.But in this age of frozen raises, cutbacks and unemployment that would have some tell you that ‘you are in luck to even have a job’, this kind of advancement may not happen and you could end up stuck in a stagnant position for years in the name of job security.Changing jobs is one of the clearest ways to get better compensation for your skills and boost your longer-term earning potential.More research on external hires indicates an 18 to 20 percent higher pay for those hired eternally as compared to those banking on the internal promotion mechanisms in the same company.Management professor Matthew Bidwell, in a study investi gating the effects of external hiring versus internal mobility found that external hires earn much more than internal employees who have been promoted into the same jobs.He, however, notes that external hires often will have better education and experience than internal employees angling for the same positions.Bidwell’s research shows that employers tend to be more rigorous with the ‘externally observable attributes’ (i.e. education and experience) when evaluating prospective hires who are strangers to them which puts them at an advantage.If you stick to one employer without moving up the ladder, prospective employers are likely to be suspicious of your effectiveness in a new role.You do not only lose an opportunity to increase your earnings but also lower your chances of landing a new job.Marketability Versus Time on the JobWhile there is no strict time cap for when you should specifically jump ship, it is important to realize that the length of tenure at previous jobs is onl y one side of your career picture.If you can keep growing your skills, demonstrate that are great at evolving into new situations, taking up more responsibility and keep building a diverse professional network, the time limit becomes less of a worry.Staying for ten or more years at a job may be a positive thing if this is coupled up with gaining seniority and leadership responsibilities that give you more say in the company.Your loyalty and dependability points will be solid.But more often than not, as one IT recruiter observes, in today’s world, it’s easy to encounter employees let go after 10 plus years of service and they are basically left standing on island in their fields. Such people will find it hard to find new jobs.The idea of leaving a job because you have been there too long is too simplistic.If the opportunities for growth are clear, you have stayed up to date with your area of expertise and basically have been keeping your skills and yourself marketable, you can st ay.One advantage that switching jobs often gifts you is the opportunity to learn new skills and work in diverse environments that raise your profile as a multitalented and more marketable hire.Donna Svei, an executive search consultant at AvidCareerist advises individuals who have stayed at the same company for more than seven years to find ways to indicate their ability to adapt on their resume.This could be through mentioning involvement in a significant change management process, joint ventures or changing reporting relationships.Job Hoppers Have More Intellectually Rewarding CareersAlmost always early on in any job, the learning curve is quite steep and then it flattens.By the time you are over through the company’s onboarding plan which could be between one to two years at the same position, there’s often not much left to learn.What then would keep your brains alive by staying at that same job for another 20 years?Of course, you could be working in a rapidly changing work e nvironment such as in Information Technology, but here too the exit rates are even higher than in most other industries.If you switch jobs often, you are always being challenged to learn a lot. Job hoppers are seen to have a higher learning curve than stayers because they are often being placed outside of their comfort zones.This is as true for office skills as well as industry-specific knowledge and the all-too necessary emotional intelligence.Job hoppers joining new companies know they have to learn really fast, make impressions and appreciable improvements to the bottom line all within a few years before moving to the next challenge.They are thus inclined to be overachievers and learn a lot in a short time helping them maintain passion in their chosen career paths.The more you are forced into negotiating corporate hierarchies and office drama, the more likely you are to learn about people and become better at making interpersonal and professional decisions.You Will Have A More St able CareerA generation ago, workers could comfortably depend on an employer to provide career stability.You would have to be really old or completely out of touch with reality to think that that kind of stability would be applicable today in the face of just-in-time hiring, layoffs, contract workers and downsizing.Present-day career stability depends largely on you, which can be a scary thing to learn if you still hope to find that perfect employer.You can create career stability just on your own if you believe in your abilities and have a good understanding of your career.The key to this is networking. It is an established fact that the most efficient way to getting a job is through your network.You are almost assured that you might need to find many jobs in your lifetime based on the current labor trends.That is why you have to network as efficiently as possible because as research shows, a majority (over 70 percent) of people land jobs this way as compared to other routes.People who have worked for many companies have a much larger network than those who stay with one employer for long periods.In addition to this, as author Penelope Trunk argues, if you don’t change your job every few years, you do not develop skills that enable you to get jobs very quickly.You stay completely dependent on your employer as if it were 1950 when you would have been gifted a gold watch once your 50-year tenure ends, Trunk cautions.This is how job switching creates career stability.Technology Evolves QuicklyIf you intend to remain a top performer in your area of expertise, it goes without saying that you have to stay on top of emerging technologies.Take for instance a Windows systems administrator who has stayed at a company for over seven years, if they were to start finding a job after this tenure, it is possible that entire software and hardware lines are absolutely foreign to them effectively boxing them up into limited career choices.Thea Kelley, a San-Francisco-based j ob search and career coach narrates the tales of clients she has had previously working at a company using outdated technology under the false illusion that they would retire there.When the axe finally fell they had a tough time searching for new opportunities.She warns against allowing your skills and marketability to be frozen by holding to a job which is synonymous to riding a dinosaur without worrying about eventually turning into a caveman.The Grass is Often Greener at a New CompanyWe might often find ourselves in a job situation where there’s barely any room for advancement or where we have hit a ceiling.It is not unheard of either where managers dangle the possibility of a promotion in the near but unspecified future to keep an employee eager and deter exit when in reality that promotion may never come.When this happens, it is always wise to look elsewhere.This is in addition to the fact that job searching is actually a very rewarding learning experience in itself.You will learn more about yourself, about the opportunities available beyond your organization as you expand your networks and keeps you agile and ready to jump ship.Teri DePuy, a HR executive and career coach based in Colorado observes that career growth opportunities are more often than not found outside your existing employer. He advises, however, that this is based on correct timing.WHY DO JOB-HOPPERS GET REWARDED MORE?We have established that jumping ship can net you substantially more compensation as compared to being loyal and dedicated to your employer and waiting for a promotion or raise.One answer lies in the incidence of recessions and how they allow businesses to freeze payrolls, but not just for the short-term as should be.Media coverage of recessions and associated uncertainties have given employers the good excuse to shrink payrolls and lower salary expectations in the longer-term.That is why the 3 percent average raise is now the new normal.While this should affect both staye rs and leavers, the difference is that a stayer is more bound by the company’s internal remuneration structures.You start at a base salary and your annual raises are often calculated as a percentage of your base salary.This is quite limiting in the sense that your manager can only bump your salary based on your base salary.Another limiting factor is a cap on the number of promotions annually. You might be up for promotion but you have to wait much longer because of the queue caused by the limit.If you switch companies, however, you have a good chance to command a higher base salary and you will find many companies would be willing to pay higher for the right talent.Additionally, while your colleagues are waiting in line for a promotion, your resume may match a higher title at the new company and you can acquire it once employed.REASONS FOR WANTING TO JUMP SHIPWhile moving up the ladder and monetary compensation can be good reasons to wanting to move from your job, it is important to consider other factors.AgePersonal finance company LearnVest in an analysis of workers who have stayed long in one job observes that salaries often hit their plateau when employees are in their forties.They note that getting a new opportunity starts becoming harder past forty five years of age. If you are approaching forty, this is probably the best to go for higher paying jobs and higher titles.Have You Stopped Learning?If you feel you are no longer learning new things at your current job then, or if you feel like you have learnt everything there is to learn at that job, it might be time to start looking elsewhere for more challenging work.Tired of Working?Your job is getting old if you are experiencing decreased productivity.Maybe you find yourself spending more time on social media, accomplishing less than you used to on a working day putting off some tasks?Your career progression will be greatly hurt if you cannot easily identify very recent accomplishments.You cannot allow t his to continue, and your best option is to move to a new job that will give you new challenges.Has Your Income Stagnated?If you find yourself in an organization that limits pay increase even for the very best of performers, you may have a better chance to increase your earnings by switching employers.If you can demonstrate the value you have added to your past and current jobs, you will most likely bag a significant increase.Find Yourself Always Complaining About Your Work?If you cannot find anything positive to say about your current job or employer any more, you need to figure out if the dissatisfaction is caused by temporary, solvable factors or more enduring structural problems. If it’s the latter, then it is time to move on.WRAPPING UPIn a world where there’s an increasing ‘you are lucky you even have a job’   mentality, you could be forgiven for letting yourself be boxed up in a low-paying, unexciting job with little chance of advancement.But as we have established ch anging your job every two to three years can have enormous advantages for your career and personal life.You will gain invaluable skills in people management, have a more stable career, greater income and a solid network as compared to sticking to one company.But the decision to move must be carefully evaluated against the chance of being labelled a job hopper, missing other valuable opportunities or miscalculating the upside.

The Social Bond Theory Is One Of Many Theories Under The

The social bond theory is one of many theories under the umbrella of control theories. Within the control theories, there is not an exact socio-historic background but there are few assumptions. Control theories take a different approach to crime than most other criminological theories. Instead of looking to solve the popular question of why people commit crimes, it looks to answer the question of why most people do not commit crimes. This theory believes criminal motivation is in fact not an individual trait, but instead a universal property. People aim to seek pleasure and without control, they will at all means. With that, there are two types of control a person can exhibit: personal and social. A person with high levels of personal†¦show more content†¦The idea behind his theory states that social bonds tie individuals to conventional society, and when these bonds become weak or broken crime appears. Without a having a stake in conformity an individual does not have much to keep control in their life. When high levels of control are existent a psychological presence, known as indirect control, is enough to keep someone on the right track. For example when a kid is thinking of skipping school or stealing a candy bar, the thought that their parent or someone important in their life would find out could be enough to stop them from doing it. This can become another problem for people because without social or parental attachments, there may not be much preventing breakout of criminal activity. According to Hirschi there are four individual bonds a person has to conventional society. Attachment is the first of these. It is important to have someone that is always there for you, for children this often means having an attachment with a parent or parents. As kids age and their bonds to society weaken and criminal activity flourishes. As presented in figure 1., with some time stronger attachments form and criminal activity becomes less popular. Involvement with conventional society is another important bond. Having a place of acceptance such as a family environment, religious institution, school, and community organizations can be veryShow MoreRelatedFor All We Think We Know About Crime There Is Still Much1085 Words   |  5 Pagesin sociology that helps explain this idea is the knowledge of control theory. This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a soc ial perspective. It will be important to investigate what in fact control theory is, how it applies to the world in a sociological manner and to explore the implication of the theory in real-time crime. As children, we learn to avoid things that will hurtRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer782 Words   |  4 Pageschild who grew up in an environment rejecting him fuelling his loneliness. As an adult his instability only escalated. This has revealed that parental upbringing is of core importance in a child’s development of social skills. As seen with Jeffrey Dahmer he did not receive that socialization bond be it with his parent or other people in his life. All the way through his childhood, Jeffrey Dahmer was ignored and developed a way of perceiving himself as an outsider, rejected by society. This lonelinessRead MoreSubcultural Inequality Theory921 Words   |  4 PagesJewish Swiss who developed theories that represent extensions to the theories of strain, social disorganization, and differential association. He was also a student of Robert Merton and Edwin Southerland. Cohen argues that middle-class children experience strain and status frustration to which they respond to adopting o ne of three roles: college boy, corner boy, or delinquent boy. Cohen also developed the theory of subcultural delinquency. 2-Diffential Opportunity Theory: Developed by Richard ClowardRead MoreThe Reasons Why People Commit Crime1659 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Environment Theory There are many reason why people commit crime. Many people have created theories on why people commit crime and how to reduce the crime rates. People commit crime due to constant strain. They, also, commit crime because they are constantly exposed to definitions that favor crime. For example, some people have parents that are criminal due to their parents being criminals and still around them the child would not view crime as bad or harmful. People, also, may commit crimeRead MoreCrime Is Committed Within All Aspects Of Society892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rich to the poor, those with and without formal education, and even in diverse cultures. Since the social demographic of criminals are complexly diverse, one must look to the relation that the criminal has to their social settings. The social control theory attempts to explain why individuals commit crimes by understanding why the majority chooses not to. The social control theory operates under the belief that everybody holds a p redisposition to commit crime, but those who possess a positive beliefRead MoreEssay on Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory 1444 Words   |  6 Pages Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory provide very different explanations of why people commit crimes based upon assumptions about how humans function. Control theory suggests that humans are naturally drawn to breaking the law. Humans are driven to fulfill their needs and desires. Crime provides one method by which humans can reach their goals. Control theorists would thus ask why everyone does not turn to crime to meet their wants and needs. The question shifts from the typical why doRead MoreSocial Bonding Theory875 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper is going to highlight the social bonding theory. Control theorist Travis Hirsch i’s believes the cause of delinquency is based on the idea that people have innate desire to commit crime ( Griswold, and , Roberts, Wiatrowski 1981) .basically no matter how m uch one prevent crime, someone is bound to commit crime. According to social bond there are four factors that can determine rather an individual is going to deviate from societal norm; Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and BeliefRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency A Sociological Approach1408 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual under the age of eighteen years old who fails to abide by the law. When identifying the causes of juvenile delinquency society can slow down or prevent the behavior by using strategies. The quality of peers, family, parenting, community and school area can all be predictors of juvenile delinquency. Theories help us explain why juveniles are engaging in delinquent behavior and it is important to understand why because it helps us explain the motives for their actions. Reckless’s theory, Hirchi’sRead MoreHirschi s Social Bonding Theory1694 Words   |  7 PagesHirschi’s Social Bonding theory Margaret Farnworth, Lawrence J. Schweinhart and John R. Berrueta-Clement (1985) utilize Hirschi’s social bonding theory to propose a new policy. Before discussing the policy, it is important to explain Hirschi’s social bonding theory and its implications. There are four key bonds that prevent youth from doing crimes: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. The youth might have an attachment, or affection, towards the various components that make up a schoolRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Justice System1544 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history we have seen many theories being implemented in the criminal justice system. People come in and try to set in something new that they think will improve the overall performance of the criminal justice system. To fully understand how theories work, it is critical to first be fully aware of what theories actually are. A theory is a set of interrelated variables formed into hypothesis, that specify a relationship among variables. Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all the

Analysis Of Bruce Norris s Poem, And Then You Go For A Steak

Bruce Norris stated; â€Å"There is no political value in having sensitive feelings about the world. I don’t think it generates political action. You go, you watch, you say, ‘That’s sad,’ and then you go for a steak. The best you can hope for is to make people slightly uncomfortable. At least if you take the piss out of the audience, they feel they are being addressed.† Bruce Norris creates this environment through Clybourne Park. Clybourne Park addresses tough, but relevant, social issues with which readers can relate; he points out that the more it changes, the more it stays the same. Clybourne Park is about a white, middle class couple, Russ and Bev, who is moving out of their neighborhood. The author, Bruce Norris, writes a spin-off of A†¦show more content†¦Karl acts as if â€Å"colored† people are from a different world. Another example of this is when Karl mentions that they eat different foods: KARL: But, for example, if Mrs. Stoller here were to send you to shop at Gelman’s. Do you find, when you’re standing in the aisles at Gelman’s, does it generally strike you as the kind of market where you could find the particular foods your family enjoys? FRANCINE: It’s a very nice store†¦.Mr. Gelman’s a nice man. KARL: But, I mean, you preferred food items, would such things even be available at Gelman’s? ALBERT: Do they carry collards and pig feet? ‘Cuz I sho couldn’t shop nowhere didn’ sell no pig feet. According to Hannah Barker, â€Å"The first act is not so much a mirror, as it is a reminder to the reader of how ignorant and cruel people were before the Civil Rights Movement.† This is true, people thought that one color was superior than the other. In the second act, the roles reverse, including the fact that now the black family skis instead of the white family; but more importantly, the same racial stereotypes and fears of difference fill the conversation. Except this time, people are more aware and embarrassed to talk about it: STEVE: What, and now we’re the evil invaders who are— LINDSEY: She never said that!!!! STEVE: —appropriating your ancestral homeland? LINDSEY: This, this, this—No. I’m sorry, this is the most

Changes/ Continuites from 1492-1750 Free Essays

The Renaissance in Western Europe marked the end of the middle Ages and the start of Europe’s rise as a global power. States in Western Europe became more centralized, and monarchs exercised more control over their subjects. Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America and triumphant return signaled the beginning of a new era of exploration. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes/ Continuites from 1492-1750 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Likewise, Prince Henry the Navigator’s expeditions along the West African coast led to increased trade with Africa. Long isolated from the rest of the world, the Native Americans’ lives were drastically changed by the presence of European explorers, and later, colonists.Some aspects of life, such as domination by the elite in Europe, trade in Africa, and Native American ways of life in the Americas, have remained the same through the period. New contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas, however, led to interaction that has only increased with time. New contacts and increased trade led to the rise of a middle class in Western Europe. Traditionally, and throughout the feudal period, nobles had controlled government and wealth. As trade with Africa and the Americas increased, however, a new merchant class rose.As the new class became wealthier, they began to agitate for political power, eventually leading to conflicts such as the 1789 French Revolution. In the Americas, social transformations were huge. Deadly diseases brought by the Europeans decimated local populations, who had no resistance to smallpox, measles, etc. In one notorious case, during Spaniard Hernan Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs, the Spanish intentionally gave the Aztecs disease-ridden blankets. Such tactics also led to the downfall of the Incas, who were conquered by Francisco Pizzaro.From residing in mighty cities and presiding over huge empires, the Native American people were reduced to serving as servants or slaves of the new conquerors. A similar trend occurred in North America. Unlike the Aztecs or Incas, North American natives were decentralized, and loosely organized by tribes. Columbus’s initial subjugation of the Haitians, forcing them to mine gold, set a precedent for future domination. Africa was particularly affected by the slave trade. Large amounts of labor were needed on the Spanish and Portuguese sugarcane plantations, and Native American populations were often nable or unwilling to work as slaves. Especially after Bartolome de las Casas’s campaign against the subjugation of Native Americans, the Europeans needed another source of labor. Thus, the Atlantic slave trade began, ultimately resulting in the forced movement of 12 million slaves from Africa. The slave trade had both positive and negative effects on African society. While slavery was cruel and exploitative, the money some empires such as Benin acquired from working with the Europeans allowed them to build stronger empires. Despite massive change, some aspects of life stayed the same. In Western Europe, the gap between the poor and the rich remained; even though a middle class had developed, the power was still concentrated in the hands of a few. Every Western European country was a monarchy, and there was almost no popular representation. Even in Britain, by 1750 only about 2% of the population could vote, due to property ownership requirements and other standards. The period from 1492 to 1750 was still one of control.In the Americas, many tribes were still able to maintain their traditional way of life. Many tribes displaced by British settlers in North America moved west, and since the French had yet to settle the huge Louisiana Territory, they were free to continue with traditional methods. Africa was still, for the most part, free. Not until the 1880’s would the majority of Africa become colonized. Though less powerful than the Western Europeans, African nations remained independent and gained wealth through trade.In conclusion, the interaction between Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas has resulted in both change and continuity. One irreversible trend, however, was the growing interconnectedness of the global community. Columbus united the New World with the Old, creating a bridge that has never since been broken. Recent developments such as globalization and information technology have metaphorically shrunk the world. Interaction between 1492 and 1750 set a precedent for future actions. How to cite Changes/ Continuites from 1492-1750, Papers

The Stolen Child free essay sample

In W. B Yeats The Stolen Child, written in 1886, Yeats employs a vivid use of imagery and contrast to create an easily visualised representation of his beloved rural Ireland, but also a world of fantasy and sheer mysticism; a world created from Yeats love and life-long intrigue of the Irish folk-lore tales of old, and how he saw their revival, their symbolism and importance as something that needed to be preserved and re- addressed amongst his modern day Ireland. Considered as one of Yeats better known earlier pieces, the poem itself and its overall message is something I feel is ery ultimately left open to much suggestion and debate. In this essay, I seek to highlight Yeats own sense of mysticism toward the old Celtic fables through his passionate and seamless depictions of his rural homeland, the World of reality and the strikingly ethereal yet easily envisioned realm of the fairies; his fantasy world. In the first stanza, Yeats makes mention toward Sleuth Wood, the name given to Slish Wood upon Lake Gil which harkens back to his childhood in rural Sligo. Where dips the rocky highland, of Sleuth Wood in the lake, (Yeats, 2008) a reference to the verlooking hilltop known as The Kings Head. His use of the woodland by name creates an instantly relatable image for the reader, the natural beauty of the rural Emerald Isle as Yeats saw it immediately realised and established. The beginning of the second stanza again grounds the reader to reality with the mention of dim grey sands of light, far off by furthers Rosses† a reference to Rosses Point, (Yeats, 2008) a small seaside village upon a headland north-west of Sligo. Again the image is an instantly recognisable and relatable one, and a true to life locational reference that gain helps see the lines of reality and fantasy to the reader ever slightly blurred. In what might be seen as homage to the stories of his youth, stories much loved by his mother, his depictions of the pastoral life of rural Ireland at the beginning of each stanza reminds the reader constantly the time and lifestyle in which they inhabit. Stanza fours mention of the lowing of the calves, and the traditional kettle upon the hob reinforce what we perceive to be the most rural of Irish homesteads, and yet what follows with the progression of each stanza is a meandering of traditional Irish uperstitions and personal, romantic depiction of Yeats contrasting fantasy world. It is stanza one where Yeats describes the leafy Island, a realm of the fairies, where they hid their fairy vats, their pots of berries and stolen red cherries (Yeats, 2008). The notion is presented of a place far removed from the pains and troubles of the real world, while still striking the image of somewhat familiarity. The image of the mischievous fairies draws from age old Irish folklore and superstitions, something Yeats throughout his life held a great fascination toward, although to say the fairies f this poem are truly seen as mischievous would be left open to interpretation. The fairies come to take a human child to the waters and the wild (Yeats, 2008), an image that relates back to many of the old Celtic mythologies of the fairly folk, how they may snatch away children replacing them with changelings. As with much of Yeats earlier works with Irish folk lore, the poem takes from and delves heavily into the Celtic influences. The fairies wish to walk hand and hand with the child across the waters 2008) The fairies represent for the greater part of the poem the essence of freedom nd innocence, or at the very least its illusion. The second stanza gives mention to them leaping to and fro, wild and free, chasing the froth bubbles of the free running waters, while the world†the world of reality†sleeps anxiously in its troubles. Much comparison can be made with the tale of Oisin and Tire Na Nog, the contrasting promises everlasting youth and freedoms. The image of the island itself invokes symbolism. The realm of the fairies is a far removed and magical one to that of the real world, but its familiarity in its connection to the world is what grounds it to not omplete disbelief. The island is located within the lake, itself a metaphor for isolation, or to be isolated from that around it while seeming not entirely out of reach. This liberates it from the harshness out the outside world, creating the sense of a romantic place untouched by the boundaries and conditions of a changing world progressing and evolving about it. Waters surround it, protecting it. The wandering water gushes (Yeats, 2008) stirs an image of something free-flowing and untameable. Nature is another image that represents the contrasting images of freedom. In tanza four, Yeats mentions the calves on the warm hillside and the brown barn mice, while in his initial description of the leafy island, herons are said to be flapping free to the waking of the drowsy water rats. The pastoral calves upon the hillside strike the image of natures enslavement to modern society. Upon the island, no such thing exists. The birds fly and wildlife roam as free as the waters and the fairies themselves. The romantic notion of such an untouched harmonious place strengthens. Again much can be made as to the true meaning behind the poem, as it is open to endless suggestion and debate. Upon first reading and analysis of the poem, innocence†or its loss†was a theme that seemed to stem from the representation of the fairies. The fairies perhaps represent everlasting innocence, something that will inevitable be lost to the human child as time and life progress† as it does with us all. They seek to take him away to preserve that which will become fleeting to him, referring to the real world as one of weeping that he can never truly fathom, but ultimately talking about the challenges of life and all that embodies it. There is a level of freedom suggested in the notion of ever-lasting innocence, again ersonified in depictions of the free running/flowing imagery of the fairy realm, to the idea of being shielded entirely from the worlds horrors can bring ones self to be liberated; if not physically then perhaps mentally or emotionally. To stay forever young is to stay forever naive, to stay pure or perhaps even without sin or corruption. This idea of preserving innocence shows to me maybe contempt for what is depicted to be the reality world, and what Yeats felt it to be. We were no longer a people and nation that Yeats saw to embrace the same beauty of heritage as we once were. We ived in a world now more politicised than ever before and in doing so, we were losing and forgetting a very large part of what was both important to us as a culture and a nation†losing our innocence in this regard.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child Essay

Table of Contents Introduction History of Corporal Punishment Benefits of Corporal Punishment Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The purpose of this argument is to determine whether corporal punishment is beneficial to children and their development. We have all experienced some form of corporal punishment whether from our parents or from our teachers in school. To majority of societies around the world, corporal punishment is the norm rather than the exception.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example communities in Spain do not see corporal punishment as something strange while most African societies view corporal punishment as a way of rectifying a child’s behavior. However most westernized countries view this form of punishment as barbaric and detrimental to the child’s overall develo pment. The National Association of School Nurses (NASN par. 1) defines corporal punishment as the infliction of physical pain which is intentional with the aim of changing behavior. Corporal punishment is also defined as the use of physical force to cause pain to the recipient as a way of punishing their misbehavior. The main component of corporal punishment is the use of physical violence to correct the child’s behavior. Corporal punishment might take the form of spanking, slapping, hitting, pinching or shaking. To differentiate between corporal punishment and physical abuse, two factors have to be taken into consideration which is the intensity of the punishment and the intention of meting out corporal punishment. The intensity of the punishment refers to whether the recipient has incurred any extensive injuries as a result of the physical punishment. The intention of the punishment refers to whether it has been directed to teach or discipline the recipient (Vieccelli and R icas 2). History of Corporal Punishment The history of corporal punishment is viewed to be as old as human civilization. It can be traced back to the Middle Ages when children or adults caught in misconduct were disciplined by physical violence. In Middle Age England, the most common form of punishment was flogging which involved whopping or whipping the offender with a rod or whip. This type of punishment was however abolished and banished in 1874 (Baxamusa par.2). In the U.S. parents were seen to be the most common users of corporal punishment with spanking being their most common tool of punishment.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Teachers were also seen to use corporal punishment in the early 80s when dealing with misbehavior in students by caning, pinching or slapping (Child discipline par.1). It was also acceptable for teachers and school authorities to whip or spank children as a form of disciplinary action (Baxamusa par.3). Some states in America have banned corporal punishment by enacting laws that prohibit teachers from physically disciplining children. According to 2006-2007 U.S. statistics, 223,190 school going children were subjected to form of corporal punishment in the course of their studies. This is an indication that the use of corporal punishment in schools has decreased by 18 percent when compared to the 1980s. While many states have created laws to prohibit corporal punishment, other states have legalized it as a form of disciplinary action (Baxamusa par. 10). Benefits of Corporal Punishment Many scholars and academics have viewed corporal punishment to be a negative form of discipline as it affects the child’s or student’s behavior. According to Save the Children’s awareness campaign on corporal punishment, children who have been subjected to corporal punishment experience a low self esteem, feelings of sadness and ange r as well as feelings of loneliness and abandonment. Their social skills within and outside the school are also affected as they are afraid to communicate what they want (Richardson et al 126). Corporal punishment has also been viewed to increase fear of reprisals creating educational barriers that lead to poor performance in school. Children who have undergone punishment also have a negative view of their school and also of the society making it difficult for them to integrate into their community. Physical punishment also discourages reasoning by affecting the child’s reasoning capabilities (Save the Children 2). Gershoff (539) in her studies on corporal punishment has noted that this form of punishment has played an integral role in how parents discipline their children. This form of punishment has been the main focus of psychological research in the United States with various researchers and academics providing contributions on whether corporal punishment is beneficial or detrimental to the child’s development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite various countries adopting measures to prohibit the use of corporal punishment as a form of discipline, support for using corporal punishment in the U.S. has remained strong with 94 percent of parents and school teachers supporting the use of physical violence to discipline errant children (Gershoff 539). While there have been many negative effects of corporal punishment, there are scholars who have advocated for the use of corporal punishment in dealing with discipline cases. Child psychologists who advocate for the use of corporal punishment have noted that it is advantageous in that it is the only form of language that children will understand and react to. This is especially so with children who have been identified to be problematic and reckless. Rather than pamper and spoil these types of children, psychologists have seen corporal discipline as a means of preventing children with poor conduct or behavior from degenerating even further to reckless behavior. To further explain the term â€Å"spare the rod or spoil the child† various advantages of using corporal punishment have been advocated for when compared to using non physical forms of punishment (Victor par.2). For example corporal punishment deters repeat cases of misconduct and misbehavior. Children who are physically punished for doing something wrong are most likely to not repeat the offence in future. This can also be attributed to the instantaneous effect physical punishment has on children caught in reckless behavior. The use of corporal punishment has also been seen to restrain children from engaging in reckless behavior with respect to historical statistics which have shown that children behave well after they have been subje cted to corporal disciplinary action (Turner 217). Benatar (par.46) came up with positive arguments for carrying out corporal punishment on children one of which was that it was used to discipline children who were found to be guilty of misconduct. Only the guilty offenders identified to have committed misconduct faced disciplinary action regardless of whether there were other participants in the misconduct case or not.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also noted corporal punishment played a significant role in the scale of punishments used in school contexts (Benatar Par. 50). Corporal punishment filled the gap that was created when other forms of punishment were used such as detention, suspension or expulsion. Another benefit of corporal punishment is that when used in the proper context, it initiates a change in behavior as the recipient will be deterred from misbehaving in future (Benatar par. 52). Victor (par.2) argues that the use of corporal punishment is particularly beneficial for children who are irrational, impulsive and need some firmness. He noted that children’s impulsive nature needed to be controlled through tougher methods of punishment such as corporal discipline. He advocates for the sustained use of physical force on children with regards to the level of misconduct they have engaged in. Benatar (Par. 53) advocates for the use of corporal punishment as long as the enforcers of the punishment exercise j ust corporal punishment. This can be achieved by inflicting pain to the children in an infrequent manner and also ensure that the punishment is meted out in a non discriminative way so as to ensure there is no racial or gender bias. Corporal punishment should also observe due process and timing so that it can be justified. Due process will entail punishing the guilty parties while timing refers to whether the punishment will take place before or after the wrongdoing (Benatar par. 55, 56) Conclusion Corporal punishment does not necessarily have to be viewed as a negative form of punishment. Through the use of appropriate restrictions, it can be used to discipline children who have been found to misbehave or have engaged in misconduct. Despite the many protagonists who have argued about the disadvantages of corporal punishment, this form of discipline can prove to be beneficial when dealing with cases of misbehavior, truancy or misconduct amongst school going children. Corporal punish ment is an effective method of deterring detrimental behaviors in children who are still developing. It eliminates cases of repeat misconduct or misbehavior in children who have not responded to the other forms of punishment such as detention, suspension, reprimanding or expulsion. Works Cited Baxamusa, B. History of corporal punishment.  Web. Benatar, D. Corporal punishment, 2001. Web. Child D. Pro corporal punishment. Web. Gershoff, E. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviours and experiences: a meta-analysis and theoretical review, Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), pp.539-579, 2002. National Association of School Nurses (NASN), Corporal punishment in schools, 2002. Web. Richardson, T., Marsha, W., Bruce, A., and Daniel A.  Child abuse and violence, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008. Save the Children, Awareness campaign against corporal punishment of children in families. Web. Turner, Susan M., Something to cry about: an argument against corporal puni shment of children, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2002. Print. Victor, D. Corporal punishment-child abuse or discipline?  2007. Web. Vieccelli, M., and Janete, R., Parent’s perspective on child rearing and corporal punishment, 2008. Web. This essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child was written and submitted by user Brayan Church to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Management Empowerment Essay Example

Management Empowerment Essay Example Management Empowerment Essay Example Management Empowerment Essay Example Empowerment has been used all over the world by different groups of people. That is why it has been used as a major topic of discussion in this essay. Women, for instance, have empowered themselves by learning a lot through social networking sites. Here, they are exposed to so much information about an environment around them. In the year 2013, women started an online campaign with a hundred of advocates opposing various pages on Facebook that was spreading hatred towards them. Their plea was successful since the pages were brought down. During and after colonialism, the blacks in America were able to empower themselves. They claimed the employment, as opposed to slavery, so that they could entirely depend on themselves. This made them confident in themselves. They were able to claim for their independence. This shows that empowerment is used all over the world. This is a main reason as to why it has been used as a basis of this essay. It has been discussed in all aspects to ensure t hat it is thoroughly discussed. At the end of the essay, recommendations have also been made as to how this concept of empowerment can be used to make the world a better place. Empowerment is used by various people in the world on different arenas. The term can be applied to mean giving power and authority to people who previously have not had it. The reason for this is that they may do and make decisions by themselves. This word can also mean giving the permission to certain people to do something. The different forms of empowerment that exist are economic, political, cultural, human, and social ones. Empowerment of people has caused great changes in the society around us. They are very important. It is because when one is given the authority, he/she is able to influence major decisions in their environment as well as dictate a course most activities are going to follow. Management Empowerment Does It Work Some discussions may not make any sense to some groups of people. It is because they might seem to be not important and irrelevant to their current positions. However, a discussion of issues and the determination of their importance should not be based on the perspectives of an individual. Instead, it should be based on the general knowledge, the sense that the issue makes as well as the past experience of the same. It is the cause why the following part of the essay has been provided. Apart from discussing the issue itself, there is a need to discuss its importance. Over the years, it is clear that the definition of empowerment has always changed. Some scholars claim that it may mean licensing, warranting, or commissioning. It causes a lot of attention from scholars that are also interested in the issue. Firstly, it is essential to talk over the importance of this issue in the business world, with reference to the meanings that have been outlined above. These meanings basically symb olize enabling and permitting people to conduct certain activities. It excludes a definition that mentions power. The world includes a lot of people that are seeking for employment. It is because everybody wants to finish the studies and get a well-paid job. The reason behind this is that most education systems train their students on the importance of advancing in a basic career. Therefore, the only real power that people receive from such systems is the education itself ( Hugman Smith, 1995). Through a research and experience, it is clear that the most financially successful people are in the business world. It is because it is a world that has the ability to permanently transform the financial lives of individuals. It is especially in such a way if they are interested in the same. Nevertheless, there are a lot of issues that go along with the starting of businesses. One challenge is legislation. There are a lot of people whose efficiency and potential to do business are limited by the laws in their respective countries. For this reason, there is a need for the world’s governments to analyze the way in which this can be rectified. Empowerment is a key issue, when it comes to this. Any government that has the intention of growing its economy should be willing to invest in empowerment. It is where they give their employees an ability to perform most of the activities that they intend to, especially in business. Therefore, the business context is one that needs a mass ive use of empowerment in any nation. Secondly, oppression is a universal issue. There is the oppression of marginalized groups all over the world. It has been witnessed in most nations for a long period of time. People being supposed to be inferior are oppressed, in terms of the rights and privileges, which they may be pending to get from their respective countries. Nevertheless, there usually the time comes when some individuals in the groups that are being oppressed decide that it should not happen any more. It is especially when they come to learn about their rights. It is another place where empowerment comes into equation. In some contexts, power is not given. Instead, it is taken. For example, the countries which fight for their independence take their power, as opposed to them receiving it from a third party. For this purpose, it is correct to state that individuals have the ability to empower themselves. It is especially if it is an only alternative. The fact that the issue of oppression is a universal one makes it one of the most important problems in the society today. It is because it affects a large number of people. Therefore, the relevance and importance of discussing this topic cannot be undermined. In organizations, whether profit making or not, the importance of empowerment still comes out. It has been the case for a long period of time. Every employee as well as a member of any organization has the own abilities. It means that every one of them gains a different level to which their performance can be expected to reach. However, this essay does not need these variations to be put into the equation. There is a need to put all these factors constant, in a bid to keep the discussion pure. Assuming that all the employees had the same potential, it would be right to make them remain in the positions they have been put on. However, when they are not considered to be different, according to their abilities, the whole new difference is made. Actually, it is a vital difference, owing to the fact that this is an actual situation on the ground. There are some employees that have the ability to perform certain duties more than others. It may have several implications. If an employee perf orms a duty perfectly, it may mean that this employee is mainly suited for this duty. However, if a worker does not perform the obligation well, they may be unsuited for the same. It does not have the meaning that they have to be sacked. A need for any company to separate employees from leaders exists. Some employees do not have the ability to perform specific roles in an organization. However, they may be good managers of other employees. Therefore, the only thing that limits their potential is the lack of empowerment. It is, yet, another area that should be thought of, when empowerment is a major topic of discussion. Religion is another point that requires a lot of empowerment issues. It is because there are some religions that are undermined in some countries. For this reason, governments as well as the leaders of these religions should strive to ensure that they empower these religions and ensure that there is the freedom of worship in their countries. Therefore, the safety of people from different religions creates the importance of empowerment. Gender inequalities have also been witnessed in some places of work as well as positions of power. It is another area where empowerment has been of the utmost importance. The areas to which empowerment applies cannot be exhausted in this essay. It would require a completely new book, owing to the global value that it carries. For these reasons, it is clear that the empowerment concerns the life of almost each person in the world. Therefore, it is an extremely vital and important topic of discussion (Hugman Smith, 1995). Knowledge and Issues Relating to Empowerment Empowerment of people in various sectors is important as well as useful in many ways. It reduces oppression of certain discriminated groups of people. Initially women in the community were not allowed to participate in various activities in the economy. It is because the work was considered to be male oriented. The acceptance of women in these works has caused a great change in the economy. So many inventions have been made from that time and a high productivity noted since there is a great increase in the workforce in the economy. This has caused gender equality between both genders (Martin-Crawford, 1999). Previously men used to look down on women and abuse them because they had seen them as useless and only parasites that depended on them in every way. Women also have gained confidence and talked out when they were oppressed in any way. Empowerment also helps people gain a lot of confidence in them. It ensures that they can be actively involved in decision making processes. Disabled people may be disregarded in terms of their potential and ideas. It is because they are considered to be weak and inferior. The research has proven that a great majority of these people being so disregarded are of the great potential once put to work. This proves that once all of disabled people in a society are utilized the productivity of a place would greatly increase. On the same note, the youth, for a long time, has been disregarded and put on a sideline in our societies. It has caused the idle youth to indulge in illegal and demoralizing activities that destroy most of young lives. Due to these slapdash behaviors, an unreliable generation is created. Hence, the future of our economies is wrecked. The research has shown that the creation of employment for the youth has lead to a great decrease in drug trafficking and drug addiction among young people. Immoral behavior such as prostitution is also seen to decrease drastically in these societies (Wing, 1996). Initially accessing the information about medication and various ailments was a very arduous task for the people being outside the medical profession. Through such a user friendly website as Medline Plus in the United States, patients get a lot of information regarding various ailments. Most of them get appointments with their doctors from the Internet. Various types and names of certain drugs are available online where patients get to learn how to use, on the side effects of these medications, and what to do in case of missed doses. They do not look for a specialist to advice on this. The gaining of information from Medline Plus by citizens of the United States has built their confidence greatly. The research has proven that most people who seek medical advice are those who have gained the information and may know what they are possibly suffering from. Most people who are not enlightened on these data shy away from seeking medical health resulting to their conditions becoming worse (Martin-Crawford, 1999). The empowerment of people in the society who have the unknown potential has brought about a lot of changes in our community today. Some citizens take an advantage of the fact that they are given the power to air out their views and use this freedom to falsely accuse the people of leadership. They frame them with their bad personal motive to bring leaders down. It has caused a fall of a great number of leaders being so unfair. Finally, the state is being left with poor leaders who perform poorly leading the people to their downfall. Wars are also seen to emerge since there are those who fight for justice against the corrupted and unfair ones. These fights sometimes result to great losses and sometimes to numerous deaths. The police, on the other hand, are given the power to shoot whichever suspect of greave crimes they are sure of. It is seen to bring down so many wanted criminals (Lee, 2001). However, it has been witnessed that innocent blood is shed by careless policemen who do not care about civilians in their way to get the suspects. Rather a lot of people have already been killed in result of these carelessness, some are left permanently disabled. Although empowerment is helpful, it can produce counter results if not carried out in the right manner. The empowerment of women has brought about great positive changes in the economic growth. It has also come with negative effects. A lot of attention has been paid to the women that some men are leaving in a sideline to suffer. So many organizations have been put up to help and protect women in case of abuse while so little has been done for men. At most homes, women take an advantage of their position in the society to abuse their husbands. So much energy and recourses have been focused on creating jobs for the youth today. As a result, some sectors in the economy have been neglected. Health sectors are one of neglected areas where no developments are implemented. It results to poor services in hospitals and misinformation of patients that leads to a great increase of a mortality rate. In the United States, education sectors are also one of neglected sectors where funds that are su pposed to pay teachers and sponsor students lack. It has caused a great rate of unemployment of teachers and a great rate of school drop outs. Most of them cannot afford the high school fees (Horrell Johnson, 2008). In the United States, patients have gained a lot of information from Medline Plus. It is good and very helpful to them. Most people gain confidence to consult doctors from the information they acquire. This information has, however, brought about negative results too. Most people think that they have enough information to determine the disease they are ailing by looking at the symptoms they have. It has resulted to people administering the wrong medication to them, since the disease they think they have is not real. A large number of people have died or caused a permanent malfunctioning of some parts of their bodies. It is for consuming unwanted substances in their bodies. There are other ways, in which empowered people have used their power to a great disadvantage. This is due to the lack of the proper information and advice on how to deal and handle their newly acquired power. Therefore, it is vital that empowerment is done for the right people and the acquired power used wisely. I t is because power has an ability to build or destroy (Pastor, 1996). Application of the Knowledge on Empowerment There are so many people with the knowledge on empowerment in the society today. These people should make it their obligation to educate the others in the society suffering due to the lack of knowledge about their potential and a place in the society. They should also strive and mobilize people to put up self-help groups where people with the same gift come together and start businesses based on their gift and talent. One can also start up an organization where people can seek advice on how to start up businesses. Though the difference made by individuals may seem so insignificant, it changes a lot after some time. Its effect is gradual but very necessary (Houtzagers, 1999). Empowerment of employees also enhances a good exchange of ideas among the employees as well as an employer. Therefore, it brings up better ways to manage organizations. It is because the employees feel free to communicate their views and suggestions, since they also participate in a decision making process of the organization. Empowerment of people in the society is also very important. The empowerment that they may question their leaders about also helps in improving the productivity in the society. The leaders of these places always strive to give their best in all their work. It is to impress them and make sure that they are not thrown out of their current power positions (Blanchard Randolph, 1999). Once a person in an oppressed group gets knowledge on how they can empower themselves, he or she is able to lead the others to fight for their rights. Most oppressed races only need an enlightened individual to lead them to a better life by only claiming for their rights. The people like Audrey Henderson are an example of people in the society. They have dedicated so much in helping people exploit their potential, hence, empowering them. All over the United States, she has initiated so many projects and overseen that they are successful, especially in Chicago. She has connected so many industries to international standards that their progress is so high and notable. It is a live, specific and realistic example of how people can use empowerment as an instrumental tool to make the lives better of other people around them. Audrey proves that this is not an issue that only exists on paper. Instead it can be applied on an actual ground and yield better results than most of the activities considered productive for any organization. It is just one in a million examples of how people have used the tool of empowerment. They have applied it for increasing the productivity of their various organizations (Pastor, 1996). New and high quality products have come up in the market due to the introduction of new and better ideas in the market by the youth. Their vibrant and energetic young people are always moving to make and create better products that will have a wide market and a very high demand. Therefore, it is clear that empowerment should be applied on a younger generation. It is because they are always the ones with the least power and influence. It causes them to have limited abilities, according to the capacities that they are asked to serve. Administrators of organizations and nations should give the youth a chance to show their capabilities (Turner, 1996). This is an endeavor that can ensure a complete success of different organizations in the world. It may as well guarantee that there are many creativities as well as the generation of new ideas all over the world. It gains an ability transforming the whole global market into a successful venture to people from all walks of life. Few of of the most essential people all over the world are not recognized for their work. This research has taken much interest to discuss them. The people that ensure the security of individuals are surely in this list. The army and police of some countries are unable to carry out their work well since they are not allowed to carry out some practices. It limits them and makes them inefficient in their work. Some of these activities they are not allowed to do is to short once they identify a suspect of greave crimes. Some of the police even die while being in the line of duty and avoiding mistakes of shooting the wanted suspect. Allowing these policemen to carry out their duty by shooting once they are sure of the suspect will really help in making them more efficient. It will protect them from unnecessary deaths (Houtzagers, 1999). Implications of the Issues Studied on OB, Organization, and Stakeholders The past experiences as well as the deductions that may be created from the various materials that were used may be of great value in the development of issues in this research. However, the most important part to the society is that of application. The needs to guarantee the applications of the issue to organizational behavior, organizations, as well as the stakeholders of these organizations, exist. This is in a bid to show the relevance of the same one to the present world. First, it is important to note the fact that the general productivity of an organization is improved by the use of empowerment (Lee, 2001). The organizational behavior of the company whose employees are frequently empowered is proven to be excellent and efficient for their set purpose. The research that has been carried out above has proved that the gifting of members of an organization with an opportunity to perform higher duties increases their productivity. It is because it boosts their ego, doubles their ef forts, and increases the work that they have to do. It could seem to be a bad thing to the employees. It is because it represents more work. However, the promotion has to be accompanied by a better pay. Therefore, this employee feels more appreciated and gives his or her best to the organization. It is conclusive to say that the general workforce of any organization is increased through the empowerment of employees (Turner, 1996). Apart from employees, there are other stakeholders in the organization. For example, there are partners, business associates, suppliers, customers as well as many others. When empowerment occurs in the organization, it shows the need that the company places in the enablement of people that may seem to be inferior to others. It is an act that cannot be hidden from the world. Therefore, it can be an important tool in boosting the name of the company. Many the international companies and also the local humanitarian organizations would like to be associated with the same company. It is because it shows the respect it has to humanity on a public platform. For customers, it is clear that they would also be some of beneficiaries of empowerment. It is because the productivity of the organization is increased. It means the increased utility in the goods that the customers receive. This utility is in terms of the value of products, a method of delivery as well as the time, in which the product is delivered to customers. Therefore, any customer would wish to continue the association with this organization (Hugman Smith, 1995). Thus, it is evident that many stakeholders of the company stand to benefit from all the efforts that the organization would undertake to empower its employees. Apart from organizations, it is clear that other groups of people around the world support benefiting from the power of empowerment. Experience as well as expert advice has proven this to a large extent. There are people, businesses, groups, and organizations that have given a credit to the power of empowerment. They have always used it in their day to day activities. However, there are others that have not yet discovered the miracles that can be performed by the same. These are the persons for whom this part is meant. All successful firms should use this as a tool to achieve greater heights. Governments around the world should seek to empower their citizens. Where it is not possible, the citizens should choose to empower themselves. A lot of ways exist, in which persons can empower themselves. The formation of empowerment groups is also vital in ensuring that all involved are given the power that they need to reach certain heights. With the achievement of this, the general productivity in most areas of the world can be increased. It would mean fewer and fewer problems. Such issues as hunger and famine would be the things left in the past. It is because the world has leant of a great value for empowering people.

Structure of Society and Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structure of Society and Social Policy - Essay Example The relevance of this trait to programs for the elderly is that the high percentage of young people shifts government policy priorities away from the needs of older persons (Schulz, 2005). Creating new jobs for young people is much more of a state problem than meeting the service needs of older people. Government attention in health care is also more focused on reducing infant mortality rates than in developing geriatric medical care. The family is the social unit with primary responsibility for the care. This is consistent with social, cultural, and religious mores. Although reliance on the family to care for elderly members has subsided in recent years, for reasons discussed later, there is a pervasive understanding that government policy should be designed to bolster the role of family care (LaVeist, 2002). Low class people often incur higher out-of-pocket costs for medical care and have fewer choices among health care providers. Theoretically critics accepts this to result in fewer health care contacts, far fewer of the routine examinations that are so important for early detection of potential problems, and greater delay in seeking care when ill. Research has found this to be true (Schulz, 2005). Considering the ultimate cost of poor health, it is also uneconomic. The issue of poverty, a major contributing factor to poor health and one that impacts more severely on poor people, is simply too far beyond our purview to treat here. However, it bears remarking that some of the recommendations, in fact, poverty reduction measures. For example, policies that would lead to a reduction in drug and alcohol abuse would also lead to a reduction in poverty, for just as substance abuse is partly a result of poverty, so is it also partly a cause. Even more effective as poverty reduction devices ar e policy proposals yet to appear. Although their primary purpose is to relieve other problems, measures such as family planning services, teen pregnancy prevention programs, parent training classes, infant stimulation programs and early childhood education all attack poverty at its roots. Good education and high paid job leads to social mobility and allows a person to maintain high standards of living and receive better medical help (Schulz, 2005). 2. Social class determines the level of medical care and dietary patterns available for people. Life span has long been the thermometer used to measure the health of the public. Only in this case, assuming quality of life is maintained, elevation indicates better health. We have come to expect greater longevity as one of the benefits of continued economic development. A fall in life expectancies is cause for alarm. Fortunately, this has happened only rarely. Poverty makes it more difficult to lead a healthy life. Shelter and diet may be inadequate. Neighborhood air quality may be poor. Life is generally more stressful. Few people consciously choose to live a life of poverty, but people can and do make unhealthy lifestyle choices. People who are poor and less educated tend to make them more often, perhaps because of lesser understanding of the possible consequences (Schulz, 2005). More likely it is because some of those choices provide considerable utility, particularly in the very sh ort run and particularly to persons whose long-run expectations are low. Poor nutrition can be deadly (LaVeist, 2002). The traditional diet,

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example There are absolute negative terms such as racial injustice. Such a term elicits a feeling of alienation on the subjective race and dominance on the objective race. In this context, the terms are supposed to dig deep into the feelings of the black community and present a well-behind theme that is supposed to be subject of concern. But how is this supposed to work? This question is relevant because the writer comes to the direct irony of presenting views of the critics. These critics are not non-blacks alone. There are also blacks who present such critics and call the ideas of the writer as unjustified, irrational and impractical. This is symbolic of disunity. The same disunity is presented when some of the people have to be coerced into joining social identity groups at the beginning. The fundamentalism of these disagreements is brought to the effect that they are important for the sake of nationalism. Putting the nation first is said to be the most important aspect as compared to for ming solid social identity groups that would try to neutralize the aspect of alienation. Nationalism language is also presented in two fronts. This is used to exhaust the fact that there are explanations that relate to categories of nationalism. Nationalism is not just a collection of all the people agreeing to support America or the white/black race. Classical nationalism is presented on the basis of voluntary separation and retention of equality and self-determination. This means that all blacks are supposed to be united as one but against the discrimination of the whites. There is also pragmatic nationalism in which case there is a common oppression for the blacks for which they should unite and suffer for. The writer presents a lot of collected information on unity. He goes to an extent as to provide Black Nationalism that does not involve those that do not suffer under such a cause. Much rhetoric is however created at this point.

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay Depression, either as a single depressive episode or as a recurrent depressive disorder, is a common mood disorder which is characterised by low mood, resulting in loss of interest and enjoyment, reduced energy and diminished activity. With increasing severity other symptoms such as reduced concentration, attention, self esteem and self confidence manifest, and physical symptoms may protrude, such as disturbed sleep and diminished appetite. These may accumulate in ideas or acts of self harm and suicide[1]. The gender difference in depressive illness, is one of the strongest patterns seen in psychiatric epidemiology [2,3,4,5]. Similar, albeit less strong gender differences can be seen through a variety of mental health disorders, typically with internalising disorders (of mood and anxiety) which are more common in women, and externalising disorders such as schizophrenia and substance abuse which are more common in men.[5]. Such a strong pattern, seen in many cultures around the world can help in the comprehension of depression, an illness that still evades human understanding [1]. The aim of this essay will be to help identify some key aspects of the social causes of depression and how they relate to gender roles within society. This will ascertain their importance in mechanisms that drive someone into depressive illness the gender role hypothesis of depression [5]. However the point of this essay is not to systematically review the scientific literature and identify the cause, but rather to explore the concept of how much gender roles in society contribute to this pattern. In the conclusion, it will allow us to see how changing gender roles, such as feminism, in modernising societies such as the UK, will impact on womens health. The essay will explore risk factors which relate to gender role where they have evidence to cause depression. Such factors are emotional attention, interpersonal relationships, personality, stress response, the impact of co-morbid anxiety and what are termed artefact hypotheses, such as gender biased diagnostic techniques. Sex and gender are terms that have become divorced since Dr Robert Stollers observations of gender being a social construct and sex being biologically determined. It isnt necessary for someone of a certain sex to inherit the same gender and same gender role [6] although in western society it is the norm. While this essay will look at the epidemiological pattern of depression through a social lens, it should be kept in mind that there will be a biological background that cannot be excluded. It can be argued, such as by John Nicholson, that the gender role itself has its development in biology or socio-biology, or gender role as developed by evolution of human behaviour (as proposed by E.O Wilson and David Barash). However, these ideas are not as widely accepted as the theories for socially determined gender roles[6] as put forward by Stoller and Ann Oakley. For the purpose of this essay, gender roles are a set of behaviours socially expected of someone conforming to a particular gend er. A key feature of the female gender role is emotional behaviour, with women being caring and compassionate, and men being dominating and aggressive [6]. This is of course an excessive generalization, but a recognised pattern, most likely influenced by sex of the person. However, it is important to note that there is a large overlap in emotional behaviour between the genders [7] but more specific to gender are those behaviours used to cope with life events. More emotionally sensitive women may present to doctors sooner, although this has been disproved at least once [8]. This is an artefact argument I shall come to later. Emotionally sensitive persons, who tend to display more depressive symptoms, may have impaired anti-rumination strategies [9]. Rumination is a method of coping whereby the person focuses on the depressive symptoms and the triggering event, rather than trying to distract themselves, for example with thoughts of good things to come. Research has found that rumination by more emotionally sensitive persons leads to a negative emotion spiral. Focusing on the negative thoughts and emotions leads to further negative thoughts and emotions. , By controlling for emotional attention in their study results, there was a non-statistically significant difference for gender and symptoms of depression [8]. This is further backed up by evidence that rumination exacerbates and prolongs depression and that women tend to ruminate more when sad or depressed, a trend seen from prepubertal childhood [2]. Another personality trait, such as neuroticism, has also been associated with depression. Controlling for it has been suggested to eliminate the statistical significance of gender and depression [10], and although there is suggestive evidence against this idea [2], it should not be dismissed entirely until more research is done. It could be argued however, that the coping style may be different due to the type of stress observed by the individual. A more significant life event may be harder to distract oneself from, and so easier to ruminate. A womans role may determine her to be exposed to more significant stressors, for example through her role as the homemaker. There may be problems affecting children, housing, fertility, versus issues which will affect men more (for example, through their role as the breadwinner) but occur less often unemployment and finance problems. Although evidence suggests that while men and women are exposed to different stressors, it is insufficient by itself to explain the gender difference [11,12]. Therefore, I feel that the evidence shows that rumination is an important risk factor for depression, and women ruminate more than men, due to their socialisation making them more emotionally sensitive. It should be noted that males and females may receive different stressors for dep ression outside of their gender role. For example, sexual and physical abuse, as an adult or as a child, may play a role in explaining the gender difference. If women are more likely to be abused as adults or as children, (this might become a risk factor towards depression later on), then this might help explain some of the pattern seen. Evidence for this suggests it might play as much as 35% [2] of the gender difference in adult depression. Another way gender role and stress may interplay is through interpersonal relationships. The traditional female gender role will imply that a woman will put in more effort to attaining more friends. Therefore the loss of interpersonal relationships will have more of an impact on the female than it would on the male. Evidence shows that it is the lack of relationship, rather than the support the relationship provides [12], is the more significant stressor, and so further proves the point. This is of particular importance when looking at adolescent mental health, a key time when the gender difference in depression is first seen [2]. It could be argued that the starting of the gender difference is due to a restriction of the adolescent female into her expected role[2]. This only adds to, rather than offers an alternative view point, that if the adolescent female loses some of her important relationships, she might feel more like she has lost an important part of her identity. There is evidence that loss of interpersonal relationships is a significant stressor in adolescent females, because they have invested more emotion and are more likely to blame themselves [13]. This can also help explain the link between Body Mass Index and mood disorders, where high BMI affects women more, possibly putting them at a social disadvantage [14]. However, it is hard to identify whether social disadvantage has encouraged the depression and hence higher BMI, or higher BMI has caused social disadvantage and so depression. I feel that it is probably the latter, as evidence on coping strategies provides little evidence that eating is a common coping strategy in depression [15]. However the two studies examined different populations, American and Japanese, which casts doubt on their results Another study looked at sleep disturbance rather than depression. It suggested that adolescent girls, being more sensitive to familial disruption and increased domestic and grooming expectations, had increased sleep disturbance [16]. This is similar to an argument that I studied earlier increased expectation of fitting into the role of the female gender will increase sleep disturbance. This positively correlates with depression as either a cause or a symptom of sleep disturbance [16]. Looking at other co-morbid conditions of depression may help to illuminate the role of gender difference in depression. Anxiety is frequently seen co-morbid with depression, especially in primary care, such that it has its own classification in the ICD-10[1]. It is therefore logical to think that any gender difference in anxiety (which can be seen[17]) could be linked with the gender difference in depression. Similar risk factors already discussed, ruminative behaviours and social network crises, predispose women to anxiety more than men[17]. I think this adds to the evidence of suggesting a common aetiology between depression and anxiety. Using gender roles, anxiety does not fit into the male gender role of being confident and aggressive, and hence goes some way to explain the gender difference in anxiety, rather than in depression. It would seem that mothers discuss different coping strategies with their children; for boys a more problem solving approach and for girls more emotional coping strategies to help deal with distress [17]. These coping strategies and depression in women[15], comply with my previous ideas and also help to explain the gender difference in depression. While evidence may suggest that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology, evidence also suggests that anxiety states are not part of the aetiology of depression [18,19] and so the gender difference in anxiety is just a reflection, rather than a cause of the gender difference in depression. Evidence suggests that in depression and its risk factors, that anxiety during adolescence, due to a difficult transition from the child to the adult, may make the woman more sensitive to depression after a triggering event[20]. A model suggested by Cyranowski et al, combining female gender socialization and the hormone oxytocin which intensify the need for interpersonal relationships, coupled with anxiety, might cause sensitivity to depressive events. There is a good fit of the evidence , bringing biological as well as psychological and sociological theories together. However, more recent evidence has shown that men and women are equally sensitive to triggering events[11,12]. A better idea is that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology. On the road to depression and anxiety, a fork in the road is approached, where the type of trigger or another risk factor not discussed, decides whether the person becomes depressed or anxious. However, some of the so termed artifact hypotheses may suggest that all the above research and studies are not finding any physical or real link between depression and gender, but rather that is a fault in the techniques in the data collection. Some suggestions that fit this hypothesis are that women are more likely to seek treatment for any illness, more likely to discuss a potentially stigmatising condition such as a mental health disorder or are able to recall symptoms better, and so doctors are more able to make a diagnosis. Alternatively, women are being overdiagnosed or men being underdiagnosed, as either the fault of the doctor or biased diagnosis techniques. It is also argued that substance abuse masks depression and anxiety in men [21]. Some quite surprising research suggests that there is no gender difference in the symptoms a male or female may present to indicate depression, and that men and women show no preference in stating that they feel emotionally down [22]. I have little confidence with this unique result, as the accepted idea and other evidence suggests otherwise [23].. Evidence suggests that substance and alcohol abuse are not the male equivalent to anxiety. Therefore, controlling for alcohol and substance use still leaves a significant gender difference[2]. However, in depression, it has been suggested as a coping strategy[15], and so it is not unconceivable to think that alcohol abuse, assumed to be an externalizing disorder, is in fact a coping mechanism for depression in men. If diagnosed as alcohol abuse rather than depression, this could make up some of the gender difference. However, what is more interesting, is the suggestion that diagnostic techniques are gender biased, especially Becks Depression Index. Two studies reached the same conclusion that items in the Becks Depression Index related to crying and loss of interest in sex gave an over-diagnosis and underestimation of recovery in women [21,24]. Crying is considered more congruent with the female gender role, and loss of interest in sex can occur outside of depression, especially in women, again fitting their gender role [24]. Therefore, to ensure correct diagnosis, the researchers suggest the use of the Goldberg Depression Scale rather than Becks Depression Index. This is troubling, as many of the research already referenced used either interviews by trained lay people or the Becks Depression Index, which casts doubt on the accuracy of the conclusions reached thus far. So to conclude, I have explored some of the risk factors for depression and their aspect as gender roles to help explain the gender difference in depression. There is some doubt cast upon this research and any other research done into the epidemiology of depression because of doubts over the Beck Depression Index bias. I still feel the evidence is strong enough to hold some meaning. On the other hand, differing gender roles is not a sole explanation. The example of child abuse is one of many outside the gender role hypothesis. There is plenty of room for other social, psychological and biological causes of depression and its epidemiological patterns not explored in this essay. A simple and brief conclusion would be to say that gender role is a part of a large mechanism of a multi-factorial illness. More research is required to ascertain the full answer to the question proposed by the title. Ideal research would be to re-analyse the epidemiological patterns in 10, maybe 20 years time. Then it could be assumed that gender roles would continue in their path to become more equal. Less of a difference between the genders and rates of depression and anxiety might be expected. There may also be less of a difference between genders and other mental health disorders. However, additional preliminary evidence can already help draw some ideas. Studying couples with a shared life event for example, women have been shown to be at a greater risk of depression if there was a traditional division of roles in the family[2]. One of the findings of the WHO mental health surveys [5] is that younger people have less distinct gender difference for major depressive disorder than older people. A correlation was found between less traditional gender roles and decreased rates of depression with increased rates of substance abuse. This suggests changing, modernising gender roles are resulting in decreased rates of depression among women. However, the increase in substance abuse is a cause for concern. The trend is towards equal gender roles, with the female gender role becoming more masculine, so bringing new health concerns. While fair gender roles within society as a whole, such as employment, may have a beneficial effect in protecting against depression [2], there is still an imbalance of roles within the home. This is reflected in how children are brought up and how they develop their coping strategies for stress. Therefore, gender roles have a large role to play in epidemiological patterns of depression, and in the aetiology of depression itself. As gender roles become more equal, it will result in better health for women in society, and while not the focus of the essay, it can be safely assumed a similar pattern can occur for men as well. Equality it seems can go a long way in reducing risk to disease.